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A ''województwo'' ; plural: ''województwa'') is the highest-level administrative subdivision of Poland, corresponding to a "province" in many other countries. The term "''województwo''" has been in use since the 14th century, and is commonly translated in English as "province".〔The word "voivodeship", as an equivalent for "''województwo''", appears in some large English dictionaries such as the OED and Webster's Third New International Dictionary but is not in common English usage. Hence the word "province" is a recommended translation: "''Jednostki podziału administracyjnego Polski tłumaczymy tak: województwo''—province..." ("Polish administrative units are translated as follows: ''województwo''—province..."). Arkadiusz Belczyk, (''"Tłumaczenie polskich nazw geograficznych na język angielski"'' ) ("Translation of Polish Geographical Names into English"), 2002-2006. Examples: (New Provinces of Poland (1998) ), (Map of Poland ), (English names of Polish provinces ). More examples: * "Following the reform of the administrative structure in 1973-1975, the number of provinces (''województwa'') was increased from 22 to 49... ()ncreasing the number of provinces meant the reduction of each in size. In this way Warsaw was able to dilute the political importance of the provincial party chiefs." "Poland", ''The Encyclopedia Americana'', 1986, volume 22, p. 312. * "Poland is divided into 49 provinces." "Poland", ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', sixth edition, edited by Paul Lagassé, Columbia University Press, 2000, p. 2256. * "Local government in Poland is organized on three levels. The largest units, at the regional level, are the ''województwa'' (provinces)..." "Poland", ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 15th edition, 2010, ''Macropaedia'', volume 25, p. 937. * "GOVERNMENT... Administrative divisions: 16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular–wojewodztwo)..." "Poland," in Central Intelligence Agency, ''The CIA World Factbook 2010'', New York, Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2009, ISBN 9781602397279, p. 546. The same information appears in the current online (''CIA World Factbook'' --> "Poland --> Administrative divisions". ) Note that in this source, where "English translations" of province names are given, they are in the noun ("Silesia"), not the adjective ("Silesia''n''"), form. * Professor Paul Best, of Southern Connecticut State University, writes: "()n standard dictionaries the Polish word () is translated as 'province.'" Paul Best, review of Bogdan Horbal, ''Lemko Studies: A Handbook'' (2010), in ''The Polish Review'', vol. 58, no. 4 (2013), pp. 125–26.〕 The word "''województwo''" is also rendered as "voivodeship" or a variant spelling.〔Alternate English renderings include "voivodship," "voi''e''vodship," "voi''e''vod''e''ship" and "''w''oi''w''odship".〕 The Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998, which went into effect on 1 January 1999, created sixteen new voivodeships. These replaced the 49 former voivodeships that had existed from 1 July 1975. Today's voivodeships are mostly named after historical and geographical regions, while those prior to 1998 generally took their names from the cities on which they were centered. The new units range in area from under (Opole Voivodeship) to over (Masovian Voivodeship), and in population from one million (Lubusz Voivodeship) to over five million (Masovian Voivodeship). Administrative authority at voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor called a voivode (Polish ''wojewoda''), an elected assembly called a sejmik, and an executive chosen by that assembly. The leader of that executive is called the ''marszałek województwa'' (voivodeship marshal). Voivodeships are further divided into powiats (counties) and gminas (communes or municipalities): see Administrative divisions of Poland. == Voivodeships since 1999 == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Voivodeships of Poland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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